Q-Learning vertical handover scheme in two-tier LTE-A networks

Global mobile communication necessitates improved capacity and proper quality assurance for services. To achieve these requirements, small cells have been deployed intensively by long term evolution (LTE) networks operators beside conventional base station structure to provide customers with better service and capacity coverage. Accomplishment of seamless handover between Macrocell layer (first tier) and Femtocell layer (second tier) is one of the key challenges to attain the QoS requirements. Handover related information gathering becomes very hard in high dense femtocell networks, effective handover decision techniques are important to minimize unnecessary handovers occurred and avoid Ping-Pong effect. In this work, we proposed and implemented an efficient handover decision procedure based on users’ profiles using Q-learning technique in an LTE-A macrocell-femtocell networks. New multi-criterion handover decision parameters are proposed in typical/dense femtocells in microcells environment to estimate the target cell for handover. The proposed handover algorithms are validated using the LTE-Sim simulator under an urban environment. The simulation results showed noteworthy reduction in the average number of handovers

Cell Selection Mechanism Based on Q-learning Environment in Femtocell LTE-A Networks

Universal mobile networks require enhanced capability and appropriate quality of service (QoS) and experience (QoE). To achieve this, Long Term Evolution (LTE) system operators have intensively deployed femtocells (HeNBs) along with macrocells (eNBs) to offer user equipment (UE) with optimal capacity coverage and best quality of service. To achieve the requirement of QoS in the handover stage among macrocells and femtocells we need a seamless cell selection mechanism. Cell selection requirements are considered a difficult task in femtocell-based networks and effective cell selection procedures are essential to reduce the ping-pong phenomenon and to minimize needless handovers. In this study, we propose a seamless cell selection scheme for macrocell-femtocell LTE systems, based on the Q-learning environment. A novel cell selection mechanism is proposed for high-density femtocell network topologies to evaluate the target base station in the handover stage. We used the LTE-Sim simulator to implement and evaluate the cell selection procedures. The simulation results were encouraging: a decrease in the control signaling rate and packet loss ratio were observed and at the same time the system throughput was increased

Kepimpinan politik: pola sokongan pengundi Selangor menjelang PRU14

Artikel ini membincangkan tentang pola sokongan pengundi Selangor terhadap tokoh kepimpinan peringkat negeri dan negara menjelang Pilihan Raya Umum (PRU) ke-14. Pada PRU ke-13, Pakatan Rakyat (PR) berjaya mempertahankan kekuasaan mereka di Selangor. Ini menunjukkan pola sokongan pengundi lebih terarah kepada tokoh kepimpinan di pihak PR. Namun begitu, berlaku krisis kepimpinan di peringkat pentadbiran negeri Selangor dan seterusnya membawa kepada perpecahan dalam PR. Krisis kepimpinan turut berlaku di peringkat nasional apabila Dr Mahathir Mohamad menarik balik sokongan terhadap kepimpinan Perdana Menteri dan mendesak Najib Razak meletakkan jawatan. Keadaan makin kritikal apabila Timbalan Perdana Menteri digugurkan dari jawatannya. Krisis kepimpinan yang melanda di peringkat negeri dan nasional ini pasti membawa satu persepsi baru dalam kalangan pengundi. Kajian ke atas 393 pengundi Selangor menunjukkan pola sokongan semasa masih memihak kepada PR/pakatan harapan (PH). Dalam pada itu, kumpulan pengundi yang masih belum membuat keputusan untuk memilih siapa pada PRU14 adalah besar. Pengundi Selangor melihat pentadbiran negeri lebih efektif berbanding dengan pentadbiran peringkat nasional. Ini menjukkan kepimpinan politik peringkat negeri lebih diterima pengundi

Pola pengundian generasi Y menjelang PRU ke-14 di Kuala Lumpur

Penggunaan teknologi maklumat secara besar-besaran pada PRU ke-13 yang lalu telah memberi kelebihan kepada Pakatan Rakyat untuk mencipta kemenangan besar yang seterusnya menafikan penguasaan dua pertiga Barisan Nasional di Dewan Rakyat. Dengan menyebarkan pelbagai maklumat yang berkait dengan parti serta pemimpin mereka di media sosial, Pakatan Rakyat telah berjaya menambat hati para pengundi terutamanya Generasi Y di Kuala Lumpur (KL). Peranan dan sumbangan Generasi Y terhadap keputusan PRU-13 yang lalu membuka ruang dan peluang kepada kajian ini untuk melihat dengan lebih dekat lagi naluri dan citarasa yang bakal ditunjukkan oleh mereka pada PRU ke-14 nanti. Dengan 141 responden, kajian initelah berjaya menjelaskan suatu pola pengundian Generasi Y bagi PRU ke-14 nanti berdasarkankepada faktor politik, ekonomi, isu semasa, pemimpin, parti politik, prestasi pemimpin dan jangkaan keputusan. Kelemahan Barisan Nasional dalam menangani isu semasa di samping krisis kepimpinan dalam parti memberi kelebihan kepada Pakatan Rakyat untuk dijadikan pilihan oleh Generasi Y pada PRU ke-14 kelak

Pencemaran bunyi bising

Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, prakata, prinsip bunyi bising, kaedah pengukuran bunyi bising, punca dan kesan bunyi bising, masalah pencemaran bunyi bising di malaysia perundangan berkaitan bunyi bising, prinsip kawalan bunyi bising, penutup, bibliografi, indeks

Development of multiple configuration flying wing UAV

This paper discusses the development of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform that can be customized into multiple configurations. This platform will be designed based on several requirements; low material cost, low manufacturing cost, portability for field operation, and stable flight design. Initially, a UAV platform is designed and manufactured for flight testing purposes. The first configuration was built for a twin tractor propulsion system. The prototype is built based on the design parameters using two types of foam core as based material. It is then fabricated using a CNC hot wire cutter machine. To reinforce the UAV structure, an advanced composite process is used by using fiberglass wet lay-up and vacuum bagging. The flight controller and its associated avionics system are then installed inside the UAV. Based on the flight test of the first configuration, the developed UAV has successfully flown in stable condition

Pathogenicity of different betanodavirus strains in Asian Seabass (Lates Calcarifer) under temperature fluctuation stress

Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) disease caused by betanodavirus infection is responsible for mass mortality in many marine cultured fish species. . Fish can acquire the disease by either horizontal or vertical transmission. Malaysian local betanodavirus strains were obtained from National Fish Health Research Centre, Penang and cultured in E-11 cell line. The isolates are Bawal Emas (BE), AVA and KL 22. Fifty-percent tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) calculations for all the isolates were conducted to evaluate the concentration of the virus. In this study, three hundred and sixty healthy seabass juveniles (5 ± 2g) with size two to three inches were obtained from Marine Fish Aquaculture Research Division, Terengganu was divided equally in eight tanks that represent four treatment groups with duplicates; Group 1 (AVA strains), Group 2 (BE strains), Group 3 (KL22 strains) and Group 4 (control). All the fish were observed daily for any clinical changes and mortality that occurred. Upon clinical signs appearing and mortality, the fish were slaughtered immediately and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell culture and histology. The experiment was terminated after thirty days period. TCID 50 for all the tested strains are as follow; KL 22 = 104 TCID50/mL, BE = 107 TCID50/mL and AVA = 106 TCID50/mL. KL22 strain was found to have the highest TCID 50 followed by AVA and BE. Similarly, the highest mortality was also recorded in the group challenged with the KL22 strain which also has the highest TCLD 50. All the dead and sick fishes tested positive for PCR. However, the histology finding indicated no vacuolation found in the cell suggesting an acute infection has occurred